The United States And The Civil War - 1622 Words

All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among there are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness (Declaration of Independence). According to the U.S. Constitution the purpose for which the United States was created was to establish a perfect union within the citizens of the U.S. through justice, safety, welfare and liberty. In my opinion, although the U.S. Constitution states this, I do not believe this perfect union is in favor for everyone in this country because of the unjust events that have taken places within this country such as slavery. I believe the U.S. Constitution purpose only applies to those who are in higher power. The Civil War started because of unbending†¦show more content†¦The United States was created for the states by the states and its purpose was to establish a perfect union within the colonies through justice, and liberty. Moreover they wanted to keep the ideas of Locke since the colo nies believed that England has become a corrupt nation. So, it was their job to protect the ideas gained during the Glorious Revolution and Americans saw their nation as a rising empire, destined to populate and control the entire globe (Foner). A century later, the differences between the free and slave states over the power of the national government to prohibit slavery in the new territories obtained from the Mexican War had created discrepancies within the Union. The result of these differences led to the Civil War, which was an important event in America s Enlightenment. Furthermore, we need to remember that the American Revolution (1776-1783) created the United States; the Declaration of Independence is the document that the founders of the nation wrote to express what they wanted for the new nation. On the other hand, the Civil War (1861-1865) determined what kind of nation it would be because the war tried to resolve points omitted by the Revolution. One of these points was that whether the United States was to keep having slavery as an economic system. Moreover, if the Union, which

The International Brigades During The Spanish Civil War

Ari Krysmalski The International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War â€Å"We do not believe in government through the voting booth† General Francisco Franco. On the 18th of July 1936 Generals of the Spanish Army led a coup against the democratically elected Popular Front government of Spain. Within days, the country was plunged into one of the bloodiest wars the world had ever seen, with the Republicans battling the insurgent Nationalists for control of the country. The Nationalists were fascist in principle, and therefore received massive amounts of aid from Hitler and Mussolini as a result of their shared ideology. The rest of the world turned their back on Spain and signed the nonintervention act, which constituted a series of agreements limiting foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War. The Republicans were communist and received a limited amount of aid from the Soviet Union. However, their main source of aid did not originate from a single power, but from a group of some forty thousand volunteers from around the world united in saving communism in Spain. These volunteers constituted the International Brigades and represented 53 different countries (Thomas 9415). They traveled from different corners of the world to fight in a war they had only heard of and to defeat an enemy they had never seen. What motivated so many people to leave the comforts of home to volunteer for the International BrigadesÍ ¾ how did their sacrifices shape the course of the war? Members of theShow MoreRelatedA New Middle Class Government And The Declaration Of The Second Spanish Republic1362 Words   |  6 PagesSecond Spanish Republic in 1931 until the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, Spanish society struggled to establish a stable, representative democracy for only the second time in its long political history. With the spread of industrialization, the rise of a new working class, and the emergence of a new era of political movements, ideals, and philosophical ideologies or â€Å"isms† throughout Europe and the United States—communism, socialism, marxism, anarchism, fascism, etc., Spanish societyRead MoreSpanish Civil War: The Struggle Between Fascism and Communism 1431 Words   |  6 PagesThe Spanish civil war of 1936-1939 was an important conflict in Spain’s history. This war was initiated by a military revolt led by General Francisco Franco on the 17 July 1936 and ended with Franco’s victory on the 1 Apr il, 1939. This victory resulted in the replacement of the Second Spanish Republic with the conservative dictatorship of Franco. This conflict triggered the clash of the various cultures and ideologies within Spain. One important example of an ideological clash was that of CommunismRead More Civil War Poetry Essay1571 Words   |  7 PagesCivil War Poetry The American Civil War and the Spanish Civil War were primarily wars of principle. The conflicts represented a critical point for each respective nation, a time of either death or continuation for the countries. Both Whitman and Neruda exibit a key shared element in the poets works of the concept of a cosmic rebirth illustrated in their poetry through a celebration of the perpetual cycle of life and death fostering optimism. This mutual philosophy is manifested in NerudaRead MoreThe Battle Of The Spanish Civil War859 Words   |  4 Pagesthe subject of the Spanish Civil War, lasting from 1936 to 1939. For those who are unsure as to what qualifies as a civil war, dictionary.com defines it as, â€Å"a war between parties, factions, or inhabitants of different regions within the same nation†. In the case of the Spanish Civil War, the fight was between the Spanish republican government and the Nationalist military. Representative of the impeding power struggle between ext remists in support of fascism and communism, the war began on July 18thRead More Spanish Civil War Essay982 Words   |  4 Pages Spanish Civil War (1936–39), military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. The Nationalists, as the rebels were called, received aid from fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union, as well as from International Brigades, composed of volunteers fromRead MoreThe War Novel For Whom The Bell Tolls1308 Words   |  6 PagesIn the war novel For Whom The Bell Tolls, Ernest Hemingway conveys to the reader that the harsh conditions of the Spanish Civil War is cruel and to be expected of war. Hemingway was surprisingly active during the Spanish Civil War. He supported the republic and attempted to express the evil of fascism through his literary works. Published just after the end of the Spanish Civil War, For Whom The Bell Tolls is one of his literar y works that tried to spread awareness of the war through the storyRead MoreAnalysis Of Ernest Hemingway s Nobody Ever Dies 1351 Words   |  6 Pagesgreatly celebrated American writer. During the Spanish Civil War, Hemingway traveled to Spain to find inspiration for his stories. After returning home, â€Å"In March 1939, Cosmopolitan published a story by Ernest Hemingway entitled ‘Nobody Ever Dies’† (Cooper, 1988, pg 117). The story is about fighting for something that is bigger than yourself. This message is portrayed through the main characters Enrique and Maria. Enrique is a young Cuban veteran who fought for the Spanish Loyalist Army. He hides in anRead MoreThe Civil War Of Bashar Al Assad And The Syrian Government1616 Words   |  7 Pagesscrutinized and deserve greater attention. There is a historical analogue to the present volunteers, however, that has been well documented and provides a basis with which to make an informed evaluation. In the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939, 2800 Americans fought with the International Brigades of the Republicans against the Nationalists. The American volunteers fighting for the Kurds against ISIS exhibit many of the same characteristics and motivations of the Americans who fought for the RepublicansRead MoreThe American Pageant: 14th Edition Notes950 Words   |  4 PagesAPUSH American Pageant 14th edition Chapter 34 Notes (21 terms) 1. London economic conference (1933): a 16 nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates. Franklin Roosevelt’s decision to revoke American participation contributed to a deepening world economic crisis. 2. Good neighbor policy: a departure from the Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe doctrine, the good neighbor policy stressed nonintervention in Latin America. It was begun by Herbert Hoover but associatedRead MoreDid the Nationalists Win the Spanish Civil War Because of Their Strengths or the Weaknesses of the Republicans?3683 Words   |  15 PagesDid the Nationalists win the Spanish Civil War because of their strengths or the weaknesses of the Republicans? The evidence that supports the idea that the Nationalists won the Spanish Civil War because of their strength is abundant. The unity of the Nationalists was obvious and meant that there was both great organisation and co-ordination, meaning there was no ambiguity in the goals set by those fighting for the Nationalists. Franco’s plans for a long term war meant that he was able to ensure

English Composition Quit India Movement

Question: Discuss about theEnglish Compositionfor Quit India Movement. Answer: Introduction The below presented compoisiton is analysed on the working tenure of Mahatma Gandhi who was the father of nation and who devoted his full life for the freedom of the nation. The presented composition is about Mahatma Gandhi who is also known as Father of the Nation. The speech mainly is focused on working and all the revolutions which were brought by him for making the country free from the ruling of Britishers (Brett McKay, 2008). A brief description over the nature and behaviour has been given and also the tools and tricks used by him for making the Britishers quit from India. Non-violence or Ahimsa are to be considered as the two most significant weapons which were used by all the members of the committees and also in all of his struggles and movements were carried out with the help of these tools. Democracy and equal freedom for all was the dream of father of nation. Also the author has mentioned the contribution of Congress party in the freedom of India against the Britishers. The people of India have a hatred towards Britishers and think that they are disguised with their behaviour. The core content of the speech is that the author has described a number of facts which are related to the life of Mahatma Gandhi in very precise and simple language. Everything is very simple yet so meaningful and effective (Corbridge Harriss. 2013). As per the understanding the author has described the Quit India movement which was one of the biggest struggle carried by Mahatma Gandhi and also it was a very much successful movement. Ahimsa and satyagrah were the two main weapons which were used by Gandhiji in the fight for freedom. Conclusion From the above carried out analysis it has been included that Quit India Movement has been described by the author which also includes the revolutions brought up by Mahatma Gandhi for the freedom of the nation. References Brett McKay, K, (2008). Quit India Speech by Ghandi, Assessed on 18th Febraury 2017, from https://www.artofmanliness.com/quit-india-speech-by-ghandi/. Corbridge, S., Harriss, J. (2013). Reinventing India: Liberalization, Hindu nationalism and popular democracy. John Wiley Sons.a

Technology Trends IT Industry

Question: Discuss about the Technology Trendsfor IT Industry. Answer: The modern technology trends in the IT industry has been bringing in incorporation in the Middle East. With the increase in the use of IT, the organizational structure and function has been changing rapidly (Report, 2017). However, it is essential to note that, with the change in one f the essentials components of the organization, the other components needs to be upgraded as well (El Kadiri et al., 2016). For example, if one of the organizational components such as organizational structure, people, business process or the information technology, the other changes need to be incorporated as well (Report, 2017). The incorporation of the information communication and technology (ICT) is a modern trend in the industry. Middle Eastern companies incorporating ICT results in change of the skills of the people, business processes along with changes in the business processes (El Kadiri et al., 2016). During a two-day conference at Dubai, the famous company Huawei, highlighted the fact that while incorporating the ICT and modern technology, the skills of the people needs to be compensated as well (Report, 2017). This is because, the existing employees of a company might not be able to cope up with the changing technology changes. Hence, the skills of the people need to be revised along with the technological up gradation (El Kadiri et al., 2016). Thus, it is concluded that if one of the organizational components are changed, the compensation of changes in the other components are also essential to be considered, in order to make the changes effective. References El Kadiri, S., Grabot, B., Thoben, K. D., Hribernik, K., Emmanouilidis, C., Von Cieminski, G., Kiritsis, D. (2016). Current trends on ICT technologies for enterprise information systems.Computers in Industry,79, 14-33. Report, S. (2017). Cloud-centric IT strategies key to business growth - Khaleej Times. Khaleejtimes.com. Retrieved April 19, 2017, from https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20150514/ARTICLE/305149865/1037

Alzheimers Q&A Essays - Cognitive Disorders, Psychiatric Diagnosis

Alzheimer's Q&A Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Assoc. Inc. 70 E. Lake Street, Suite 600 Chicago, Illinois 60601 What is Alzheimer's Disease? The most common form of dementing illness, Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive, degenerative disease that attacks the brain, causing impaired memory, thinking and behavior. The person with AD may experience confusion, personality and behavior changes, impaired judgment, and difficulty finding words, finishing thoughts or following directions. It eventually leaves its victims incapable of caring for themselves. What happens to the brain in Alzheimer's Disease? The nerve cells in the part of the brain that controls memory, thinking, are damaged, interrupting the passage of messages between cells. The cells develop distinctive changes that are called neuritic plaques (clusters of degenerating nerve cell ends) and neurofibrillary tangles (masses of twisted filaments which accumulate in previously health nerve cells). The cortex (thinking center) of the brain shrinks (atrophies), The spaces in the center of the brain become enlarged, also reducing surface area in the brain. What are the symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease? Alzheimer's Disease is a dementing illness which leads to loss of intellectual capacity. Symptoms usually occur in older adults (although people in their 40s and 5Os may also be affected) and include loss of language skills -- such as trouble finding words, problems with abstract thinking, poor or decreased judgment, disorientation in place and time, changes in mood or behavior and changes in personality. The overall result is a noticeable decline in personal activities or work performance. Who is affected by Alzheimer's Disease? Alzheimer's Disease knows no social or economic boundaries and affects men and women almost equally. The disease strikes older persons more frequently, affecting approximately 10% of Americans over age 65 and 47% of those over age 85. What causes Alzheimer's Disease? The cause of Alzheimer's Disease is not known. Researchers are investigating suspected causes such as neurological damage, chemical deficiencies, viruses, genetic abnormalities, environmental toxins and malfunctions in the body's disease defense systems. Is Alzheimer's Disease hereditary? There is a slightly increased risk that children, brothers, and sisters of patients with Alzheimer's Disease will get it, but most cases are the only ones in a family. Some patients who develop the disease in middle age (called early onset) have a "familial" type -- more than one case in the family. It is important to note that AD can only be definitively diagnosed after death through autopsy of brain tissue. Thirty percent of autopsies turn up a different diagnosis. Families are encouraged to ask for an autopsy as a contribution to learning more about the genetics of AD. Are there treatments available for Alzheimer's Disease? Presently, there is no definite cure or treatment for Alzheimer's Disease. Unfortunately, there are many unscrupulous individuals who market so-called "cures." These treatments are often expensive and they don't cure AD. However, since senility is such a scary problem and because families are desperate to find help for loved ones, these bogus treatments continue to sell. Most of them have no scientific proof of effectiveness. How is Alzheimer's Disease diagnosed? There is no single clinical test for Alzheimer's Disease. It is diagnosed by ruling out all other curable or incurable causes of memory loss. A positive diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease can only be made by microscopically studying a small piece of brain tissue after death. The cerebral cortex of an Alzheimer brain will have characteristic abnormalities -- cells marred by plaques and tangles. However, a working diagnosis can be made through various testing procedures that include a thorough physical as well as neurological and psychological examinations. How long do people with Alzheimer's Disease live? People diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease may live from two to 20 years after the onset of memory loss symptoms. It shortens one's expected life span, but given appropriate care and medical attention, patients often survive for many years at home or in a nursing home. Death can't usually be predicted until the very terminal stages. It is common for patients in terminal-stage Alzheimer's to lose weight, and to have difficulty swallowing, controlling bladder and bowels, walking and speaking. They may curl into a fetal position. Alzheimer victims often succumb to a series of repeated infections such as bladder infections or pneumonia. What is the scope of Alzheimer's Disease? Alzheimer's afflicts approximately 4 million Americans and it's estimated that one in three of us will face this disease in an older relative. More than 100,000 die annually, making Alzheimer's Disease the fourth leading cause of death among adults. Half of all current nursing home patients are affected, making AD a costly public health and long term care problem.

Kevin Mitnick essays

Kevin Mitnick essays What lies behind the eyes of a hacker have you ever wondered what made them tick, what drove them to what they are today? What is a hacker? A hacker is one who breaks forcefully into a computer to retrieve data or learn about his victims who have no idea their victims YET. But can a hacker really be changed to use his knowledge for good and to help fix problems with security in todays computers. One did but Its all the same for one man a hacker from his young phone phreaking days to what got him caught and what was done to free him. Kevin Mitnick is a hacker and this is just a small portion of what his life was and what made him change to help for the good. Kevin Mitnick was born in 1965 and grew up in San Fernando Valley, California not to far from Los Angeles. His father and mother divorced when he was three years old his mother worked long hard hours as a waitress at a small restaurant just to make ends meet. Kevin grew up lonely and isolated he hardly ever seen his father. What friends he did have where phone phreaks they often met at a small pizza parlor named Shakeys Pizza. Figuring out how to break into large communication systems and local computers. The more that Kevin hung out with this kids he got into phone phreaking, gaining illegal access to telephone services using electronic techniques. He would spend time in dumpsters of phone companies looking for old manuals that would provide information about the phone companys computers. The first time Kevin ever go into trouble with the law was in his teen years he broke into his schools computer grade system in which he changed no grades but very well could have. Kevin was also reported that he hacked the militarys North American Air Defense Command computers in Colorado just for fun. He was seventeen when he was caught stealing technical manuals from the Pacific Bell Telephone Company the judge gave him probation. He began to hack again after hi...

Romantic Period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Romantic Period - Essay Example Beethoven, probably the most famous composer in all of history, is more difficult to place. His first compositions are unmistakably Classical in style. However, his later works, which includes the majority of his most celebrated compositions, is just as unmistakably Romantic. Music from the Romantic Era is characterized by more heavier, graver textures with intrepid dramatic distinctions. Very extremely emotional, this style of music gave more liberty in arrangement and design for the composers to work on. It expressed a more penetrating personal manifestation of emotion in which imagination, creativity and a pursuit for adventure play a significant role. Romantic music is not as dependent on repetition as it was did in the Classical period. The music frequently directly told a story. In the Romantic era, music developed philosophical or poetic implication. Antiquity, folktale, history and striking cultures were observed as likely sources of vision and

'The SYMPHONY WAL-MART Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

'The SYMPHONY WAL-MART - Essay Example In fact, with â€Å"supply-chaining†, competition between companies is replaced with competition between supply chains. Thomas Friedman (2005) aptly stated that â€Å"the more these supply chains grow and proliferate, the more they force the adoption of common standard between companies (so that every link of every supply chain can interface with the next), the more they eliminate points of friction at borders, the more the efficiencies of one company get adopted by the others, and the more they encourage global collaboration†. Question 2 At Wal-Mart, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and 365 days a year (24/7/365), suppliers deliver their goods to Wal-Mart distributions centers. The sorting, packing, and distribution of these goods to Wal-Mart stores and shelving in Wal-Mart stores are also carried out 24/7/365. Once a particular goods is purchased by a customer and scanned by the cashier, a signal is generated, which is relayed to the manufacturer of the product, notwith standing the global location of the manufacturer. The generated signal is sent to the manufacturer and he is prompted to produce another of that product. Once the product is produced by the manufacturer, the cycle is repeated. The cycle, according to Thomas Friedman (2005) is on a global scale â€Å"in multiple movements – with no finale† and designated as â€Å"Wal-Mart Symphony†. Question 3 Heavy and early investment on cutting-edge IT infrastructure to identify and track sales on the individual level afforded Wal-Mart a competitive edge over its competitors. Wal-Mart is also smarter and faster in adopting new technologies and innovations than its competitors. Another element of competitive advantage is the culture of buying in large volume directly from the manufacturers at the deepest discount possible and shipping to distribution centers at the lowest possible cost. Furthermore, collaborating with manufacturers to lower cost as much as possible, improving i ts supply chain to be as low-cost and frictionless as possible and improving the information system in order to know customer’s taste and need and feeding this information to the manufacturers also offers Wal-Mart an edge over its competitors. Besides, Wal-Mart also broadens the scope and scale of its supply chain in order to lower price thereby capturing more market than its competitors. Based on Porter five forces, Wal-Mart is considerable competitive advantage. For instance, its low prices favor the bargaining power of its customers over that of its competitor. Though Wal-Mart faces competition from smaller dollar stores and online giant retailers, its ability to secure low prices from its suppliers still enhance its competitive advantage. Furthermore, Table 1 shows SWOT analysis which also supports Wal-Mart competitive advantage in the consumer market. SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Worldwide reputation as low price retailer Poor reputation with respect to worker benefits, gender issues Good investment in IT infrastructure and good bargaining power with suppliers Several dollar stores and creating a formidable niche in the consumer market Ambitious managers and cooperate leaders Difficulty in exporting its brand outside the US Adapting its service to the taste and demand of its customers Online retailer such as Amazon makes shopping fun and easy. Question 4 Wal-Mart started

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 4

Business Ethics - Essay Example Once the announcement took place, trading for the shares skyrocketed and price increased by more than 20 percent, thus, benefiting the people who had previously bought those shares for a premium. The case also reveals that the SEC and other regulators are willing to punish such actions as they are deemed to undermine market efficiency and investor confidence. In fact, they have even gone so far as to freeze Swiss bank accounts. Insider trading has been prevalent since the very inception of stock markets (Ferrell et al., 2012, pp. 83). In the recent past, several prominent names which include but are not limited to Rajat Gupta (Goldman Sachs), Raj Rajaratnam and Jason Goldfarb (Galleon Group), Donald Johnson (NASDAQ), Joseph Skowron and Yves Benhamou Matthew Kluger and Brett Bauer have been disgraced, fined, imprisoned due to insider trading. Although insider trading is one of the most widely discussed and debated issues within the field of business ethics, there is a serious disagree ment amongst experts regarding whether or not insider trading should be made ethical or unethical. This paper makes a brief attempt at exploring and analysing various dynamics of insider trading in light of the above mentioned article. ... e likely to possess information about the company that no individual on the outside knows such as a possible merger, acquisition (as in the case of Heinz), financial results, lawsuits, getting access to new distribution or communication channels, strategic alliances and others. The law does not restrict employees of any company and for that matter of fact even the top management, directors and large shareholders of the company from trading the shares of the company but it does not make it explicitly clear that they should not take any advantage of non-public information (Ferrell et al., 2012, p. 83). In fact, even if an insider reveals a piece of crucial inside information, the law restricts the ability of any outsider to use or act upon that information (Henn, 2011, p. 85). Important here to note is that the timing is crucial in the cases of insider trading. Insiders aware of non-public information can act on that information once that become public. Some companies restrict insiders to act on that information only after 24 hours had passed on that information becoming public in order to avoid any complications (George, 2006, p. 75). Ethical Issue The ethical issue which is under discussion here is that of insider trading. The insiders, clearly, used the information that did not belong to them and used it for their personal gain (Sharma & Bhal, 2004, p. 412). When an asset of any organization is used, without the permission of the owner, for personal gain, the gain belongs to the owner and in this case it belonged to Heinz who has been now been acquired by Buffet’s company. Insider trading is also an ethical issue because while other traders in the market had access to a certain level of information, these insiders used information that had yet not been made

Essay, poetry, prose, drama and film in literature

Essay, poetry, prose, drama and film in literature Introduction: This paper covers four important topics of Literature, which include: Essay, Poetry, Prose, Drama and Film. Essay is a form of writing, which can be literary-based or scientific-based. Like any other form of writing, it has its different characteristics, and also it serves for different purposes. For example, when writing a letter to a friend, it could be said that it is a form of an essay. When applying to colleges nowadays it is mandatory for every applicant to write a so called entrance essay. Even the newspaper columns are designed to be written in an essay based. Essay consists of three parts: an introduction, which is the first paragraph of an essay, the body which includes several paragraphs, and the conclusion, which consist of one or more paragraphs and is structurally the last part of an essay content. Poetry is an ancient literary art. There are many poets who have contributed so much to enrich the literature that is being studied today. Like any other form of literature, it has many characteristics that define poetry. But unfortunately there isnt a clear definition of what poetry is. So, different poets have expressed their thought of what they think defines poetry. Prose in another important work of literature. It is defined to be as the epic literature that is written in lines. It is basic literature that is seen and used daily. Prose includes books, such as novels, tales, and short stories. Like any other literary work, it has different characteristics, and rules and regulations that make up the prose. Drama is also known to be more popular during the golden age. Its a literacy work that is written basically to entertain people, especially Kings Courtyard centuries before. Nowadays, well known dramas play on theaters, throughout the world. Film is an art form of motion picture, also known as movies. Many representatives are involved to make up the film. Film has different characteristics that are known as Action films, Adventure, Comedy, Crime and Gangster, Drama, Epic/Historical, Horror, Musical, Science Fiction, and Western films. ESSAY Definition Essay is a form of writing, which is relatively short and could be literary or non literary writing. The word essay for the first time was used be a French writer, Michele Montaigne, as a matter of fact the origin of the word essay comes from French, which means to try or to attempt to write (Musai, B. 2004). The period when Montaigne started to write essays, even though we find some forms of essays before this period, makes us understand that essay is the newest form of writing in comparison with poetry, prose and drama. Essay is a collection of ideas, mainly literary ideas, or a single idea, written and backed up by some supporting facts. Most of essays have pattern which they are written. English teachers use them frequently as a testing tool, but today they are also a major part in students entrance exam for college or University (Fleming, Grace, 2010). Representatives As mentioned under definition, the common form of essay dates back to Montaigne, whose essays got published in 1588, although the types that we have today are derived and evolved due to the increasing needs and language expansion. From early representatives we also find an English writer, Robert Burton, although he differs on the style from Montaigne. Montaigne used essay writing as a self-discovery, more of a personal narration, whereas Burton expressed his knowledge through essay, more like a modern essay that we have today. Also we find some early representatives from England such as Sir Thomas Browne and Laurence Sterne. Some early representatives from France include also Andre Gide and Jean Cocteau (Britannica Online Encyclopedia, n.d) We can confidentially say that essay has changed its role and purpose since its beginning. Essay has evolved from a personal story to a more detailed tool of one expressing feelings, ideas and so forth. Today essays have same pattern, use a format, and discuss a range of topics; they are used to persuade somebody of something, to narrate a story or an event, express feelings for some issues and policies and even used as a social and political criticism tool. They have evolved and become an integral part of college and University recruitments. More often than not, students are given essay assignment on topics that require a student to take a stand in very controversial issues such as abortion, global warming etc. Types and characteristics of essay Based on the sets of skills one has, today essay provides a form of writing for everyone and every personality. If you are a person that likes to argue, you can use an argumentative type of essay to express your feelings, opinions, thoughts. If you are gifted with descriptive skills, you can use this type of essay and colorful language to describe something. In general, these are the types of literary essays: descriptive, narrative, evaluation and persuasive or argumentative essay. Narrative is more of a literary type of essay, meaning it is characterized more in artistic language. The story in narrative essay most of the time is written in chronological order. Descriptive essay could be literary or non-literary (Fleming, G. 2010). This type of essay is used to describe an object, a place, a person or an event. An example of this would be: What is a car, what is it made of, how is it put together, how long it lasts and so on. Evaluation essay has multiple types and is mostly used in different levels of education. Some of the evaluation essays are: essay of a process or guide, comparison contrast essay, calcification essay, cause and effect essay, conclusive essay etc. Persuasive or argumentative essay is one of the four main types of essay. Its goal is to persuade the reader to accept, master, or act according to the ideas of the writer. This is different from the goal of narrative essay which is that reader tries to understand the authors ideas. In this type of essay, writer is required to back up his ideas with statistics or other proofs to convince the reader of things he is writing are correct (Musai, B. 2004). There are also non-literary types of essays such as visual arts, music, film and photography etc. The general format of essay is: introduction which is made of three to four sentences; body of the essay that can have multiple paragraphs and conclusion (Lilly, M. 2006). In general, essay is different from other literary writings. It is somewhat similar to prose because it is written in lines. Sometimes it could also be similar to prose in content especially narrative and descriptive essays. The difference between the essay and the narration is that narration contains more figurative expressions, whereas essay contains facts and supporting arguments. This also concludes that essay differs a lot with poem and drama. However, in contrary to other literary and non-literary forms, essay is written for multiple purposes and different topics. Today it is written in different educational levels, hiring purposes, in daily paper etc. POETRY Definition: The word Poetry derives from a Greek word poiesis, which means in a making. Poetry is a unique art of literacy, but it doesnt have a clear definition of what it is. It is said that poetry uses a fictional plot, a specialized language, and it is written in a special form (style). When writing poems, authors try to express their thoughts in less space using that specialized language, not compare to novels and short stories that use much more space. Poetry is an ancient art of literacy, before people use to carve poetry in the caves, and that is known to exist long before. There are many poets, and uncountable written poems thought the time, but there isnt a clear definition of what poetry is. Although, many poets have their own definition of poetry. For example Paul Engle definition of poetry is: Poetry is boned with ideas, nerved and blooded with emotions, all held together by the delicate, tough skin of words (Poetry America, 2009) by Paul Engle. Another quote by Aristotle: Poetry is more philosophical and of higher value than history; for poetry tends to express the universal, history the particular(Poetry America, 2009). Even though it is difficult to define poetry, most people are able to recognize it when they see it. It is worth remembering that poetry especially in the form of the song is one of the oldest forms of artistic expression, it is much older than prose and is seems to originate in a human impulse that reached for expression in joy, grief, doubt, hope, loneliness, love, etc. For example, the National Anthems are poems, that are turned into songs or the Anthem that express so much feeling, about joy, victory of being proud of their heroes and their Nation. Representatives: There are many well known Poets thought the world, but to be represented in this paper two preferred once are chosen: Robert Frost and Emily Dickinson. Both are American Poets, whose art of poetry is well known. They have contributed so much to the American literature and have enriched it with their creativity. Robert Frost has written many poems, but his poems are well know, one of which is Stopping by woods on a Snowy Evening (Academy of American Poets, 2009). Emily Dickenson is one of the most famous female poets in American literature. She has written close to 2000 poems, and her poems were numbered. On of her many poems is called: A Bird came down the walk (328) (Academy of American Poets, 2009). Differences between Poetry and Drama: The Poetry and Drama are different in many ways. Drama is presented to the public as an entertainment, either telling a story which the author is not physically there, but it is told though different other people, or actors. Whereas poetry is also recited by other people besides from the poet himself/herself. Sometimes is it also played in the stage too, through songs. Characteristics of Poetry: There are many characteristics of poetry, the main ones are Lyrical poetry and Narrative poetry (Lethbridge Mildroft, 2003). Lyrical poetry are short, non-narrative poems, which include subcategories, and one of them is the Sonnet, which is written in fourteen lines (Lethbridge Mildroft, 2003). The Narrative poetry is a form of poetry that tells stories through it, for example love stories, tragedies etc. Other forms of poetry are written in four lines, which are known as stanza. Stanza is used more often in poetry, by many Albanian poets as well as poets throughout the world. PROSE Definition Prose is a type of epic literature that is written in lines. Usually sentences in prose continuous in that line, not in another one. Some authors (writers) say that writing prose is the best form of writing, because words are in their best order. Sometimes we wonder what does the word PROSE means. The word prose comes from another similar Latin word that is PROSA and it is used to describe facts or anybodys thoughts. Representatives There are many well known prose writers but we mention two or three of them, like Shakespeare, Virgina Wolf, Henry Fielding etc. Shakespeare is one of the most famous writer, he is known with his dramas like: Romeo Juliet, Macbeth etc. Virginia Woolf is the one who presents a new style of writing in Prose through the events, such as Stream of Consciousness, and Henry Fielding who gives another direction of prose writing. Differences between prose and poetry There are some differences between prose and poetry. We can say that prose is easier to understand because unlike prose for poetry, we can explain prose with our words. Another difference is that in prose it doesnt matter if it rhymes or not. There are a lot of differences between prose and poetry but despite this sometime it is difficult to note which one is prose and which one is poetry (Rrahmani, Z., 1999). Differences between prose and drama Expect the differences between prose and poetry there are some differences between prose and drama. In the prose the author is the one that describes characters and settings, but in the drama there are actors and actresses that play on it. Characteristics of prose There are two basic kinds of prose: elementary forms and composed forms. (Rrahmani, Z., 1999). In the elementary form there are: Legend, Myth, Fairy tales, and in the composed forms there are: Novel, novelette, Tale (Rrahmani, Z., 1999). Elementary forms The word Legend comes from Latin word that means something that is needed to be read. That tells a story which can be real but which can contain other decorative elements. Myth is Greek word that has a lot of meanings like: tale, language, speaking etc. It talks about tribes, their lives and the origin of world. Fairy Tale is another kind of elementary literature form and it is wordy creation that combines real and fantastic motives (Rrahmani, Z., 1999). Composed forms Novel is large type of prose and the word roman comes from Latin word lingua romana. Novel was read by different social layers. Word novelette means something new, that comes from Latin Word novelus. Novelette contains extraordinary motives but it doesnt mean that novel avoid other events from daily life. Novelette contains some structure elements like: small number of characters, interlacing between real and fantastic. Tale is a short type of prose, this type comes from fairy tales and legends. In tale there are reflected some important side of reality (Rrahmani, Z., 1999). DRAMA Definition: The general term DRAMA (Classical Greek: ÃŽÂ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¶ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±, drà ¡ma meaning action) (Wikipedia, 2009) is understood to be a composition literary, which is written to be represented in theaters. For that reason authors consider its solid rules, without their application drama cant be successful in stage. At drama devoid the confession and description, whereas all the text surrender via dialogue and monologue. Drama differs considerably from poetry or narrative because drama it is usually written to be performed in stage by actors. Aside from the text that actors will express, didaskaliet are also a component of drama, wherewith characterizes the view of scene, personages doings and demenaunors, the noises that are going to be heard etc., which usually puts in brackets. Classic drama (Greek and roman) was written in verse and was played in amphitheaters, some of them are still saved (for example in Butrint, which was Greek colony). Classic drama have had a solid construction, they were count by strong rules, so its composition necessarily traversed in those phases: exhibition, interlacement, culmination, vicissitude and solution. A drama usually separate in small components, which are called acts, so we have dramas with five acts, three acts, one act etc., meanwhile smaller unit is scene, which hits every actors entrance and exit in stage. Another feature of classic drama was oneness of the place (the event had to came off in one place), oneness of the time (the event held out twenty-four hours) and oneness of the doings (the event didnt have a break). As every drama flow by a conflict, which make a specific language, more dynamic, more emotional, not usual. Modern drama arrived to bring in scene the man, life and random language (Culler, 1997). Characteristics of the drama Until the18th century tragedy and comedy were the main kinds, but later the drama was displayed, which then took the dominant role. Tragedy In the ancient time handled the destiny of the kings and demigods. The affairs which civilized were unusual and big. The language of the drama wasnt daily, it style was high so just Kings and Queens and the people of the court could understand it. Later on the characters of the tragedy became the big historical characters. The main feature of the tragedy is that its conflict ends necessarily with the heros death. Comedy (In Greek komo convivial and od song) is a dramatic work (Wikipedia, 2009). Since antique comedy attended with usual people and usual events, which had a happy ends. As tragedy designed to concuss with its tragic end, comedy designed to make you laugh. Comedy was very open divide its designed thematic, divide its yoked characters and divide its way of civilizing. From the roman authors disunited Plaut and Terenci than Shakespeare in England, Molier in France, Gogol in Russia, etc. There are many centuries that dominate the writing of drama, which is written in prose, which doesnt have solid rules anymore like classic creations, which has a much wider gamut of the thematic and has an unlimited chance to choose the characters. It design mans destiny, who is confronted with different harnesses, who collides with the fellowship and pass into the tragic and comic situates at the same time. After the technology revolution, from drama some new styles of art appeared, which are much more famous in all over the world, like radiodrama, television drama and movie. FILM Definition: Film is an art form of motion pictures, also known as movies. Films/movies are shown in cinemas, or movie theaters, where people gather to see them. Film is a form of entertainment which has grown into a huge business worldwide nowadays. The first motion picture ever made is known to be The Horse In Motion which dates back in the 1878 (Associated Content Inc., 2010). Further more, there isnt an exact answer when the first movies was made, because back then the technology was not as advanced as it is now. But the film technology has improved throughout the years, the first movies, were without sounds, and without colors, and now there are 3D movies, which are said to be advanced. Representatives: First of all film representatives are considered the writes, those of short stories, Novels, Fictions, Fairytales etc. Then there are people who are part of making the film, which are known as the screenwriters, actors/actresses, film crew, film director(s), experimental film makers, movie studios, and finally film critics (Knowledgerush, 2009). Difference between Drama and Film: The difference between drama and film isnt much different, except the Drama is performed in from of an audience, whereas film is recorded and then shown to the audience. At the end they have the same idea, it is an art of entertainment and also a way to educate people though different plays, or shows and also different films. Characteristics of Film: There are different characteristics of Film/movie, for example: Action films are those that have in it battles, fightings, explosions, fires, basically that show a lot of action. As everyone knows that The James Bond films are action films. Adventure films are films that have to do with expeditions, trying new things, exploration of near and far away lands, such as the quest to find the hidden treasure, for example the movies National Treasure. Comedy Films are films that make the audience laugh while telling a story. Crime and Gangster Films are films that have to do with murders, and generally with people that dont obey the law. For example The Law and Order series. Drama films, are the once that have to do with romance, romantically tragedies etc (American Movies Classics Company, 2009). Epic/Historical Films are based on historical events, on war, or on heroic figure for example the Albanian heroic figure is made into a film known as The Scanderbeg. Horror films are basically films that are made to terrify the audience, at the same time to entertain them. Musicals (dance) films are films that have lots of dancing and singing in it. A well know musical movie called The Sound of Music. Science fiction films are those that have aliens, the ones that are well known are The Star War series. And finally the Western film, are generally known as the American cowboy movies, with Indians, guns, horses etc (American Movies Classics Company,  ©2009). Conclusion: To conclude of what is mentioned above about Essay, Poetry, Prose, Drama and Film, it is important to include that they have enriched literature that is known to us today. These subcategories of literature are all connected to one another. They are a written art, which has improved peoples knowledge. Everything that is known to mankind, about its history it is written through essays, poetry, prose, drama and also showed in motion picture. Even though each of them has different characteristics, they all have one purpose that is to communicate between people. REFERENCES: 1. Academy of American Poets, ( ©2010) http://www.poets.org/ Retrieved 21/12/2009 from http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/20519 2. American Movies Classics Company, Main Film Genres ( ©2009) Retrieved 02/01/10 from http://www.filmsite.org/genres.html 3. Britannica Online Encyclopedia, (n.d.). Essay Types. Retrieved 21/12/2009 from: 4. Culler, J. (1997) Literary Theory. A Very Short Introduction (pp. 97-100). Oxford University Press Inc. New York 5. First Movie Ever Made: A History of Film Firsts ( ©2010) Retrieved 02/01/10 from http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/461209/the_first_movie_ever_made_a_history.html 6. Fleming, G. ( ©2010). How to write a five-paragraph essay. Retrieved 21/12/2009 from: 7. Knowledgerusg ( ©2009) Retrieved 02/01/2010 from http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/enclopedia/Film/ 8. Lethbridge, S., Mildorf, J. ( ©2003) Basics of English Studies: An Introductory course for students of literary studies in English. Version 12/03, Poetry (pgs. 142-173) 9. Lilly, M. (2006, February). A Basic Essay Format. Retrieved 21/12/2009 from http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/English/writingcenter/essayformat.htm 10. Musai, B. (2004). Si te shkruajm ese. Tirane: Cendra per arsim demokratik (p.15-25). 11. Poetry America (n.d) http://www.poetryamerica.com retrieved 21/12/2009 from: http://www.poetryamerica.com/poetry_quotes.asp 12. Rrahmani, Z. (1999) Teoria e Letersise: Book for high school students. Prose (Pp.115-123) 13. Wikipedia, The free encyclopedia (2009, December). Drama. Retrieved 21/12/2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama

Los Vendidos: Farm Workers Views :: History Historical Spanish Essays

Los Vendidos: Farm Workers' Views Los Vendidos, the movie that we viewed was performed by El Teatro Campesino, the farm workers theatre. The movie was made to show the views and ideas of the farm workers, who were just regular people who wanted to be heard. They were not extraordinary, exceptional, highly skilled and paid actors. They were just normal human beings who wanted what everyone else wanted: equality. The concept of Los Vendidos was, in my opinion, simple. The movie was a satirical view at how that Anglo-Americans chose to see the Mexican-Americans, Spanish-Americans, Latinos, Hispanos, etc. It was used to incite controversy. Los Vendidos was also used to show how some Mexican-Americans chose to ignore their ethnicity and upbringing in an attempt to separate themselves from their people. The main theme was that the Mexican-American people needed to be a part of society, as a whole. They no longer, and never really, wanted to be separated for m the rest of the country. The Mexican-American people were just as intelligent and prepared for anything, as was everyone else in the U.S. It was used to make the Mexican-American people want to get up and say, "I no longer wanted to be treated like this." The aspects of the movie that were brought out, for me, were the individual characteristics of each of the individual characters. They characteristics are drawn out and over dramatized, some came from generalities made by the Anglo-Americans but some were real aspects of the people. Most of the characteristics that came out were unfavorable but they did what they were supposed to. They told of the generalities that the groups place upon one another. The story opens with Ano Sancho talking about how he previously was a labor contractor and is now a businessman. He now has opened "Ano Sancho’s Used Mexican Lot" This is a strike at those people who have been using the immigrants and the Mexican-Americans for their own personal gain. This brings the thought that no matter the place and time, there will always be someone there to exploit the weaker people. This person is sometimes someone that the people trust ands relate to, one of their own. The next person that we come across is Ms. Jimenez (pronounced Jimmy-nes, not he-me-nez). The way that this lady was portrayed was, as stated earlier in the Introduction, an attack on the "white washed" Mexican-Americans.

Ethical Practices Essay

1. What are business ethics? Business ethics are rules of conduct, principals, and patterns of behavior in business dealings that involve doing the right thing. An ethical business is a business which embraces universal morals and strives for equality of every job and workplace. Although laws and policies are different in every country, some have lower ethical standards than others which for example can promote child labor, unsafe workplace, and many other approaches which can harm a quality of a workers life. The unethical businesses save money in cutting corners through ethic standards. But unfortunately many companies rely on factories based off unethical work to keep them in business. In some cultures unethical work is recognized to be normal such as child labor in an underdeveloped countries while here it is against the law and seen as inhumane because of how our culture is conditioned here. 2. Give two examples in which Primark is operating in an ethical way. Provide two additional examples of ethical practices or behaviours in a business not associated with retailing or clothing. Primark operating in ethical ways: – Primark bases its code of conduct on the International Labor Organization (ILO). The code of conduct provides an ethical standard code which enforces safe, labor free, and security in work. – Primark provides audits to it suppliers to follow up and ensure the supplier is maintaining ethical practices. Additional examples: – To have no tolerance for discrimination in the workplace. Every race, culture, and gender is treated equally in every work environment. For example in an auto business a women is respected on the same level as men are. 3. Why is it so important for businesses to operate in an ethical way? Explain your answer by referring to the fashion industry. It is so important for businesses to operate in an ethical way because it represents how a company is run in all aspects. 4. In what ways could ethical business practices incur costs to the business? Evaluate the extent to which the benefits to a business of operating in an ethical are likely to outweigh the costs. Ethical practices will cost a business. When a company is ethical it builds confidence in the brand and its reputation, which shareholders are pleased to see. Also, it reduces the risk in bad reputation from bad publicity. In addition, many companies chose to save money and cut the corner with ethical standards. Although the benefit outweighs the cost because overall if a consumer understands and can view the company’s transparency they will be more confident in purchasing products or services from the certain business. Therefore, this will increase a based clientele due to their information of how your business runs and that their purchase adds to promoting standard work ethics. For example if you told a customer that a pair of pants cost a few dollars more than the other ones, but explained that the cheaper pair is made by an 11 year old child working in factory for 14 hours a day getting paid pennies to produce the garment or a woman who made them and she is receiving proper incentives and benefits for working for the company to support her family. I believe every costumer would chose to pay those extra couple of dollars. This is why consumers should push for company transparency, to allow you to see what you really pay for! Therefore, for established company ethical standards will cost more to maintain but in the outcome more customers will be attracted and you will build a loyal client base due to many people who are against ethical issues.

Understanding Political Process Theory

Understanding Political Process Theory Also known as political opportunity theory, political process theory offers an explanation of the conditions, mindset, and actions that make a social movement successful in achieving its goals. According to this theory, political opportunities for change must first be present before a movement can achieve its objectives. Following that, the movement ultimately attempts to make change through the existing political structure and processes. Overview Political process theory (PPT) is considered the core theory of social movements and how they mobilize (work to create change). It was developed by  sociologists in the U.S. during the 1970s and 80s, in response to the Civil Rights, anti-war, and student movements of the 1960s. Sociologist Douglas McAdam, now a professor at Stanford University, is credited with first developing this theory via his study of the Black Civil Rights movement (see his book  Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970, published in 1982). Prior to the development of this theory, social scientists viewed members of social movements as irrational and crazed and framed them as deviants rather than political actors. Developed through careful research, political process theory disrupted that view and exposed its troubling elitist, racist, and patriarchal roots. Resource mobilization theory similarly offers an alternative view to this classical one. Since McAdam published his book outlining the theory, revisions to it have been made by him and other sociologists, so today it differs from McAdams original articulation.  As sociologist Neal Caren describes in his entry on the theory in the  Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, political process theory outlines five key components that determine the success or failure of a social movement: political opportunities, mobilizing structures, framing processes,  protest cycles, and contentious repertoires. Political opportunities  are the most important aspect of PPT, because according to the theory, without them, success for a social movement is impossible. Political opportunitiesor opportunities for intervention and change within the existing political systemexist when the system experiences vulnerabilities. Vulnerabilities in the system can arise for a variety of reasons but hinge on a crisis of legitimacy wherein the populace no longer supports the social and economic conditions fostered or maintained by the system. Opportunities might be driven by  the broadening of political enfranchisement to those previously excluded (like women and people of color, historically speaking), divisions among leaders, increasing diversity within political bodies and the electorate, and a loosening of repressive structures that previously kept people from demanding change.Mobilizing structures  refer to the  already existing organizations (political or otherwise) that are present among the c ommunity that wants change. These organizations serve as mobilizing structures for a social movement by providing membership, leadership, and communication and social networks to the budding movement. Examples include churches, community and nonprofit organizations, and student groups and schools, to name a few. Framing processes are carried out by leaders of an organization in order to allow the group or movement to  clearly and persuasively describe the existing problems, articulate why change is necessary, what changes are desired, and how one can go about achieving them. Framing processes foster the ideological buy-in among movement members, members of the political establishment, and the public at large that is necessary for a social movement to seize political opportunities and make change. McAdam and colleagues describe framing as conscious strategic efforts by groups of people to fashion shared understandings of the world and of themselves that legitimate and motivate collective action (see Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framing  [1996]).Protest cycles  are another important aspect of social movement success according to PPT. A protest cycle is a prolonged  period of time when opposition to the politi cal system and acts of protest are in a heightened state. Within this theoretical perspective, protests are important expressions of the views and demands of the mobilizing structures connected to the movement and are vehicles to express the ideological frames connected to the framing process. As such, protests serve to strengthen solidarity within the movement, to raise awareness among the general public about the issues targeted by the movement, and also serve to help recruit new members. The fifth and final aspect of PPT is contentious repertoires, which refers to the set of means through which the movement makes its claims. These typically include strikes, demonstrations (protests), and  petitions. According to PPT, when all of these elements are present, it is possible that a social movement will be able to make changes within the existing political system that will reflect the desired outcome. Key Figures There are many sociologists who study social movements, but key figures who helped create and refine PPT include Charles Tilly,  Peter Eisinger, Sidney Tarrow, David Snow, David Meyer, and Douglas McAdam. Recommended Reading To learn more about PPT see the following resources: From Mobilization to Revolution  (1978), by Charles Tilly.Political Process Theory,  Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, by Neal Caren (2007).Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency,  (1982) by Douglas McAdam.Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framing  (1996), by Douglas McAdam and colleagues. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

The Free Will Controversy Essays - Desiderius Erasmus, Free Essays

The Free Will Controversy Essays - Desiderius Erasmus, Free Essays The Free Will Controversy The Free Will Controversy Between the years of 1524 and 1527, Erasmus Desiderius and Martin Luther were tangled up in an interesting controversy (Bainton 187). This controversy surprisingly did not involve the authority of the pope, the nature of the church, indulgences, or any of the other practices that each man equally detested. It involved the philosophical topic regarding the question of free or enslaved will (Faulkner 171). Preserved Smith defines free will as the power to apply ones self to the things that make for salvation (348). This controversy was bound to happen for a number of reasons. First of all, Luther was becoming violent in his words and actions in general. Secondly, Luther made himself a target by his assertion in the Heidelberg Disputation of 1518. Luther's exact words were, Free will, after the fall, even when doing the best it can, commits a mortal sin. These two factors led Erasmus to speak out against Luther in De Libero Artitrio (On Free Will). Luther eventually answered back furiously in De Servo Arbitrio (On Enslaved Will) (Bainton 186-7). This was a superior work which explains to historians why Luther prevails in the end (Zweig 139). Erasmus was one of the most intelligent people of his century. Today however, he remains in the minds of most people as nothing more than another name (Zweig 3). In his time, he was the leader of all scholars in Europe from Germany to Italy and Spain and from England to Hungary as well. He stands above the other humanists and forerunners of the reformation (Schaff 402). His great mission was to bring back the spirit of classical and Christian Antiquity (Smith 33-4). Preserved Smith describes the first part of his life, specifically until 1524, as being progressive and reformatory; the second, until his death in 1536, he says was, conservative and reactionary (402). He is described as being somewhat of a nomad, never staying in the same place for more than eight years (48). Compared to his contemporaries, Erasmus did more than his share in preparing the church for the reformation (Schaff 402). Historians refer to Erasmus as the, illegitimate son of a Dutch priest named Gerard, and Margaret (Schaff 404). He was born in Rotterdam on October 27, in the 1466 or 1467 (Faulkner 30). He received his early education at Utrecht and then at Deventer where he began to impress people with his talents. Within him was a love was a passion for books and at the age of just 12, he knew Horace and Terence by memory (Schaff 404). When his father died, he was taken care of by three guardians. Their goal was to have him become a priest which gave them the power to rob him of his inheritance. They placed him in the house of the Brethren of the Common Life at Hertogenbusch. While there, Erasmus calls their houses as, seminaries of monasticism, and refers to their teachers as a, destruction to good intellect. They did not come close to destroying Erasmus's intellect. A few years later, his guardians convinced him to enter a monastery. He entered the Augustinian monastery against his will where he would spend five extremely unhappy years (Faulkner 323). After this, Erasmus went on to achieve his fame in doing the things he always wanted to do (Schaff 407-9). Despite the fact that Erasmus and Luther had many difference, there were ways in which they were similar. Both of them advocated a return to antiquity and an excitement for the golden age of Christianity and pagan Rome. They both had an interest in revolts against the mediaeval scholasticism. Another similarity lies in their child-hoods. They were both born into an era of individualism. Also, they grew up in cities that had recently developed in the same bourgeois class (Smith 321). Many differences between these two men led to their quarrel. Some of these differences were physical. Luther was the son of a minor. This along with his inborn energies made him the rougher of the two. Luther is quoted as saying, I gorge like a Bohemian and gulp down my liquor like a German (Zweig 132). Luther also spoke in a powerful German voice that was

IB economics commentary (Section 5 - Development Economics) Essay

IB economics commentary (Section 5 - Development Economics) - Essay Example Protectionism is the practice of protecting domestic goods and service industries from foreign competition with tariff and non-tariff barriers (Answers). This economic commentary discusses the article ’Buy American’ feud exposes European double standards. During tough economic times it seems that countries become more conscious of the needs of its local industries. The European Union recently brought back its subsidies program to protect the nation’s dairy industry. A subsidy is a form of financial aid given to a business or industry by the government (Varian). It is considered the opposite of a tax. In Europe other more subtle measures are occurring that are not good for free trade. Some European nations such as Greece are forcing developing nations which are beneficiaries of their aid programs to purchase goods and services from them (Polack). Despite the help Greece is providing the agreements hurt the economic growth of developing nations by limiting their options and increasing their costs of doing business. The Greek contracts being tied to financial aid increases the costs of goods and services by 20%. This implies that actually value of the financial aid is deflated due to the loss of purchasing power as a consequence of inflated contract prices. Two of the factors that are causing the prices of these contracts to go are consultant fees and expensive materials. According to ActionAid the average costs of consultants working in developing nations is $1000 per day (Polack). Bilateral agreements are a common international occurrence that can have both positive and negative impacts on the nations involved in the treaties. A bilateral trade agreement is pact in which two countries in which the countries agree to lift most tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers. The good thing about these agreements is that it promotes free trades which increases business activity between the nations.

Interdisciplinary Curriculum Unit Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Interdisciplinary Curriculum Unit - Assignment Example enabled me to appreciate the interdependencies that exists between living organism on the universe and their importance in the environment in which we live. This study has enabled the appreciation of the need to the adoption of certain lifestyles for healthy living conditions for living organisms. I am motivated by the enormous knowledge that I have gathered in the course of my research work. During this process I managed to learn more about the living organisms’ interrelationships and their duties in the environmental sustainability (Anderson, 2001). I acquired much important knowledge on the study of human body particularly the cell membrane and its components. However, my research work did not cover the entirety of the human body organs and their functions and as such; I intend to carry on with my research on that section of study. As a teacher, I believe that such firsthand information will impact positively in my career as a biology teacher. This will enable me to impact my students with analytical skills useful in the study of biology. This study has enabled me to acquire the knowledge of making materials more salient. This has helped to create opportunities for research at an appropriate level which will help me teach on research more competently. With this experience, I managed to adopt and create a molecular evolution lab for teaching the DNA sequential data (Benjamin, 2002). This study has also enabled the integration to parallel disciplines associated with independent learning like reading literature, data evaluation and concepts, logic associated with trouble shooting, and synthesis of conclusions. This has enabled the development in key areas interrelated to the study such as the literature in science and use of mathematical models in the analysis of findings, as well as history through the inquiry (Benjamin, 2002). The subject matter in this integrated curriculum unit will enable in the development of professionals in the field of science. These

Describe the Human Nature & Physical Aspects Essay

Describe the Human Nature & Physical Aspects - Essay Example MeurSault who is the protagonist of The Stranger performs such activities for which, he finds no reason for remorse and sorrow. At his mother’s death, he is emotionless and has no sense of loss. When he murders an Arab man, he is again remorseless. He takes actions without any rationality and reason behind them. He shoots the Arab man without any specific reason. The trial that is held for the judgment of Meursault’s crime also circulates around absurd causes of his reasonless act. With the passage of time, Meursault realizes that human existence is worthless and has no meaning behind it. After gaining awareness about this fact, he feels no problem in his way of dying and realizes that death will come to all who have taken birth. Meursault shows more desirability for physical aspects of life such as Marie, weather, his environment and other aspects of life, he is not persuaded by his spiritual or emotional existence due to which, he is alienated from society. For killing the Arab man, he identifies the torment because of sun as a reason for his killing which is quite absurd and ridiculous. He attaches everything with the physical aspect of life. Raskolnikov, the protagonist of the book, Crime and Punishment, shows an alienated attitude in the work. He is alienated from the society on the basis of his consideration that is he is superior to other social figures around him. He plans a murder of an old lady for profit based reasons and while murdering, murders another lady because of being seen. He continuously rejects any support from his friends and relatives due to which, he is left alone. Like Meursault, Raskolnikov also shows attraction towards physical aspects of life and has no concern with his spiritual aspects. He kills the old lady for her wealth. Like Meursault, Raskolnikov is also an unemotional being and shows no emotional concerns to anything in his life. He shows no guilt for his

Purani Jeans Aur Guitar Essay Example for Free

Purani Jeans Aur Guitar Essay â€Å"Purani Jeans aur guitar†¦Ã¢â‚¬  a jingle which most of the college going students might never forget. Somewhere in the song a stanza comes which states – â€Å"maangne paise udhaar†. This is a very common incidence happening in college life and the best part is that one gets to have as many resources as she/he requires. But the point is do we actually NEED to ask for the â€Å"Udhaar†? Lot many instances have been found wherein because of this â€Å" udhaar† lot many feuds(Big or Small) has happened between best of the friends. So do we actually want to have â€Å"udhaar† or get rid of this and still continue to enjoy the beautiful and happening ‘College Life’? (This may not seem 100% doable but â€Å"try maarne mein kya jaata hai!!†) So what is the Solution? Very simple – Put the right money in the right pocket in the right quantity in the right time, that’s it! This can be achieved by using the world famous – â€Å"Art of Investment† Investment has its own Oxford Dictionary meaning – ‘the action or process of investing money for profit’. The question is how do we practice this art of investment and make the action work for us. In simple terms – how do we invest, where do we invest and when do we invest? Let’s look out for answers to these questions: a) Where do we Invest? Answer Avenues for investments have seen a drastic change from yester years till date. Now we have simple formula – â€Å"zarurat jaisi, salaah waisi†. You name your objective of investment and we have a solution available as per your requirements. One may go ahead and invest in a plethora of avenues as per requirement viz. i) Traditional Debt instruments – Bank FDs, Post Office Schemes etc. ii) Tradable Debt instruments – Bonds Debentures iii) Direct Equities iv) Mutual Funds v) Gold vi) Real estate etc. As per one’s capability, knowledge, resources, risk time may choose one or more avenues of investments among these. Mutual Funds provide a one-stop solution in all categories. b) How to Invest? Answer – Investment mechanism and procedures have also evolved with time. Now one may invest in most of the avenues in not only a physical mode – filling of application, giving cheque etc. but can also invest electronically viz. using Mobile phone, SMS, online, call centre etc. All that is required is to comply certain regulatory requirements and that’s it. You have enough invest lump sum; you do not have enough invest systematically in small chunks. c) When do we Invest? Answer – Most difficult but again very simple too. A great learner has said – â€Å"You have two options – either time the market or spend time in the market. It is always easier and better to spend time in the market rather than timing the market!!† So, it is always advisable that one invests regularly and systematically rather than trying to capture the highs and the lows. Whenever you think of investment don’t wait but invest – lot many avenues are already available for various needs and timing. Also it has proven record that invest early always yield s better results. â€Å"Papa kehte hain bada naam karega, beta hamara aisa kaam karega† Starting investments at the early ages viz. when in college when you start receiving pocket money definitely adds up a bigger amount to your future life and helps to achieve ones goals and aspirations. Your parents would also feel PROUD.

Othello’s Evil Side Essay -- Othello essays

Othello’s Evil Side  Ã‚        Ã‚   In the Bard of Avon’s tragic drama Othello there is a very disquieting dimension of the play; this is the evil dimension, which has such depth and intensity that it penetrates not only the mind but the body and soul of the audience.    Even the imagery in the drama has its evil aspect. Kenneth Muir, in the Introduction to William Shakespeare: Othello, explains the instances of diabolic imagery in the play as they relate to the infecting of the Moor by the ancient:    The same transference from Iago to Othello may be observed in what S. L. Bethell called diabolic imagery. He estimated that of the 64 images relating to hell and damnation – many of them are allusions rather than strict images – Iago has 18 and Othello 26. But 14 of Iago’s are used in the first two Acts, and 25 of Othello's in the last three. The theme of hell originates with Iago and is transferred to Othello only when Iago has succeeded in infecting the Moor with his jealousy. (22)    In his book of literary criticism, Shakespearean Tragedy, A. C. Bradley gives an in-depth analysis of the brand of evil which the ancient personifies:    Iago stands supreme among Shakespeare’s evil characters because the greatest intensity and subtlety of imagination have gone to his making, and because he illustrates in the most perfect combination the two facts concerning evil which seem to have impressed Shakespeare most. The first of these is the fact that perfectly sane people exist in whom fellow-feeling of any kind is so weak that an almost absolute egoism becomes possible to them, and with it those hard vices – such as ingratitude and cruelty – which to Shakespeare were far the worst. The second is that such evil is... ...oduction. William Shakespeare: Othello. New York: Penguin Books, 1968.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wayne, Valerie. â€Å"Historical Differences: Misogyny and Othello.† The Matter of Difference: Materialist Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare. Ed Valerie Wayne. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.    Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"The Engaging Qualities of Othello.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p.: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957.      

The Effects of Alcohol on the Prenatal Development of Infants

Numerous studies have already proven that alcohol intake during pregnancy results in adverse effects to the physical and mental development of infants. Most of these outcomes begin while the baby is still in the womb, and will continue to manifest as the child grows into adulthood.Some of the effects of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy include low birth weight, miscarriage, stillbirth and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). FAS, in turn, has been linked to skeletal abnormalities, cardiac defects and genitourinary malfunctions (Damgaard, Jensen, The Nordic Cryptorchidism Study Group, Petersen, Skakkebà ¦k, Toppari and Main, 2007).The Deadly BrewAlcohol is a beverage that can be produced by fermenting several plant products, such as corn, grapes, apples and potatoes. The process of distillation increases the alcoholic content of a fermented beverage, resulting in â€Å"hard liquour† like whisky or rhum. Ethanol is the type of alcohol found in beverages. It is composed of relatively small molecules that the body easily and quickly absorbs (Fredrickson, Nolen-Hoeksema, Loftus and Smith, 2003).Deadlier EffectsOnce an alcoholic beverage is swallowed, it proceeds to the stomach and the small intestine – organs that have large amounts of small blood vessels. These blood vessels carry ethanol molecules into the bloodstream, where they are rapidly absorbed by other organs in the body. Alcohol has the most immediate effect on the brain, as it receives a substantial amount of blood that the heart pumps. In addition, the brain’s fatty tissue absorbs alcohol very well (Fredrickson, Nolen-Hoeksema, Loftus and Smith, 2003).Toxic Components.Alcohol is composed mainly of carcinogencic substances. In 1998, the International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) claimed that beer, wine and spirits contain both known and suspected human carcinogens such as acid aldehyde, nitrosamines, aflatoxins, ethyl carbamate (urethane), asbestos and arsenic compounds . A 2001 study regarding the rise of breast cancer fatalities in the United States revealed that women who drank at least one alcoholic beverage daily increased their risk of having breast cancer by 10-30% (Calle, Feigelson, Robertson, Thun and Wingo, 2001).A 1999 study among Puerto Rican men and women, meanwhile, proved that drinkers of alcoholic beverages were more prone to cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx (excluding lip and nasopharynx) than those who do not (Brown, Fraumeni, Harty, Hayes, Kleinman, Bravo-Otero and Winn, 1999).Alcohol and the Developing FetusAccording to the article Does Alcohol Increase the Risk of Preterm Delivery? (2000), â€Å"preterm delivery is an important contributor to neonatal morbidity and morality† (Jà ¸rgen, Kesmodel and Olsen, 2000).Given the aforementioned harmful components and effects of alcohol, it is only a matter of common logic to assume that pregnant women who drink while expecting will give birth to children who will either di e early or will have to live with serious health problems for the rest of their lives. What is dismaying is that alcohol intake during pregnancy is a preventable cause of birth defects and illnesses and infant death. Below is an elaboration of some of the effects of alcohol on the prenatal development of infants:Premature DeliveryAccording to Theresa Kellerman, founder and director of the FAS Community Resource Center (an Arizona-based organization helping individuals and families that are affected by Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders), alcohol intake during pregnancy exposes an expectant mother to other forms of high-risk behavior, which, in turn, result in premature labor.These risk factors include sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs), physical abuse, drug abuse, lack of prenatal care and poor nutrition.Women who abuse alcohol while pregnant are also more likely to engage in substance abuse during pregnancy. They are also more prone to get into abusive re lationships, which often result in physical abuse and the transmission of STDs. Furthermore, alcohol interferes with the body’s ability to absorb and process nutrients. Denial over their drinking problem prevents alcoholic pregnant women to seek treatment (Kellerman, 2006).Miscarriage and StillbirthAlcohol consumption during pregnancy – regardless of the amount consumed – can result in miscarriage and stillbirth. Alcohol is a teratogen, a substance that impairs normal fetal development and may result in miscarriage, birth defects and pregnancy complications (Bower and Elliot, 2008). Even fathers who drink may be responsible for their wives’ miscarriage or giving birth to stillborn babies.Although males can produce sperm throughout their lifetime, sperm cells, just like other cells in the human body, age – the effects of excessive drinking are more profound on older sperm cells than on younger ones. As a result, men who drink (even if they are marri ed to non-drinkers) are more likely to produce an unhealthy embryo (Saey, 2008).ConclusionIndeed, health is wealth. No amount of expert medical care can replace the joy and freedom of good health. Furthermore, no society will prosper if its members are plagued with various health problems. Therefore, every individual must take it upon himself or herself to stay healthy by assuming a healthy lifestyle. By having good health, a person will not only be able to become a functional member of society – he or she will be able to produce healthy offspring that are capable of continuing or even improving society’s achievements.ReferencesBrown, L.M., Fraumeni, J. Jr. F., Harty, L.C., Hayes, R.B., Kleinman, D.V., Bravo-Otero, E. & Winn, D.M. (1999). Tobacco and Alcohol Use and Oral Cancer in Puerto Rico. Cancer  Causes and Control, 10, 27-33. Retrieved June 22, 2003 from JSTOR.Bower, C. & Bower, E.J. (2008). Alcohol and Pregnancy: The Pivotal Role of the Obstetrician.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 48, 236-239. Retrieved June 23, 2008 from EBSCOhost.Calle, E.E., Feigelson, H.S., Robertson, A.S., Thun, M.J. & Wingo, P.A.. (2001). Alcohol  Consumption Increases the Risk of Fatal Breast Cancer (United States). Cancer Causes and Control, 12, 895-902. Retrieved June 22, 2008 from JSTOR.

A Look at Gulliver’s Travels

The masterpiece of fantasy with unforgettable little people, giant people, flying islands, and talking horses, Jonathan Swift creates a new popular genre of realistic novel which is to present plausible details as if they were literally true through the book Gulliver's Travels. Swift first published the book in London with the title Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World with the alias Lemuel Gulliver. Only a few knew that the real author was Dr. Swift, the distinguished Dean of the Anglican St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin. Many people including, Samuel Johnson, remember the novel as a as â€Å"a production so new and strange that it filled the reader with a mingled emotion of merriment and amazement. † Swift arises emotions by comparing and contrasting the church and state in the islands of Lilliput and Brobdingnag. Lilliputians, the small people, are used to bring about state control and religious minimization. They had a strict and concise government often portraying life as complicated and complex. The inhabitants of Lilliput do not raise their children but instead send them to distant schools near the capital city where the children are raised by teachers and other members of the school system. Parents can interact with their children only twice a year creating a barrier between the relationship between the two generations. However, children of the poor are able to stay at home and share the workload with their parents. The separation between the rich and the poor class depicts the governments view on society and how it should be run. The governing system of Lilliput attempts to portray equalization and equal opportunities, but, in context of terms and actions one is able to witness the separating factors of class separation and distinction. The power is mainly held in the hands of the emperor who is able to mandate decrees and create laws, although the approval of the people and government officials is also needed. An example would be when the â€Å"emperors father published an edict, commanding all his subjects, upon great penalties, to break the smaller end of their eggs. (40) The government of the Lilliputians is in direct control of the people. They are able to make decisions and regarding every aspect and nature of the Lilliputians- both socially and politically while the church plays no role at all. The mention of a religious organization or association is never mentioned in the novel and the audience is led to assume that their was no major role if their was a church. The state plays a dominating role in the lives of the Lilliputians making it difficult to let any other institution come in the way, including a religious one. Enabling a religious or church association would put the Lilliputian government at a disadvantage, letting the people have an alternative voice to listen too. In the island of the Borabdingnagians there is a dominant role of the church and a simple and broad role of the government, a contrast to the Lilliputians. The people of Borabdingnag attend Sabbath on Wednesdays displaying their dedication and devotion to the church. The respect and responsibility of the people to attend Sabbath enable the audience to understand the major role of the Church in the lives of the citizens. Their religious aspect and beliefs shape their morals and in effect play a major role in every aspect of their lives. Unlike the citizens of Lilliput the Church is the dominating organization in which the political government is in accordance with. The government is described as being simple and broad a collaboration of â€Å"narrow principles and short views† (135) . The simplicity of the government enables the Church to play a more dominant role and influence the lives of the Borabdingnagians.

Semantic Field Analysis Definition and Examples

Semantic Field Analysis Definition and Examples The arrangement of words (or lexemes) into groups (or fields) on the basis of an element of shared meaning. Also called lexical field analysis. There is no set of agreed criteria for establishing semantic fields, say Howard Jackson and Etienne Zà © Amvela, though a common component of meaning might be one (Words, Meaning and Vocabulary, 2000). Although the terms lexical field and semantic field are usually used interchangeably, Siegfried Wyler makes this distinction: a lexical field is a structure formed by lexemes while a semantic field is the underlying meaning which finds expression in lexemes (Colour and Language: Colour Terms in English, 1992). Examples of Semantic Field Analysis A lexical field is a set of lexemes that are used to talk about a defined area of experience; Lehrer (1974), for example, has an extensive discussion of the field of cooking terms. A lexical field analysis will attempt to establish the lexemes that are available in the vocabulary for talking about the area under investigation and then propose how they differ from each other in meaning and use. Such an analysis begins to show how the vocabulary as a whole is structured, and more so when individual lexical fields are brought into relationship with each other. There is no prescribed or agreed method for determining what constitutes a lexical field; each scholar must draw their own boundaries and establish their own criteria. Much work still needs to be undertaken in researching this approach to vocabulary. Lexical field analysis is reflected in dictionaries that take a topical or thematic approach to presenting and describing words.(Howard Jackson, Lexicography: An Introduction. Routled ge, 2002) The Semantic Field of Slang An interesting use for semantic fields is in the anthropological study of slang. By studying the types of slang words used to describe different  things researchers can better understand the values held by subcultures.   Semantic Taggers A semantic tagger is a way to tag certain words into similar groups based on how the word is used. The word bank, for example, can mean a financial institution or it can refer to a river bank. The context of the sentence will change which semantic tag is used.   Conceptual Domains and Semantic Fields When analyzing a set of lexical items, [linguist Anna] Wierzbicka does not just examine semantic information . . .. She also pays attention to the syntactic patterns displayed by the linguistic items, and furthermore orders the semantic information in more encompassing scripts or frames, which may in turn be linked to more general cultural scripts which have to do with norms of behavior. She therefore offers an explicit and systematic version of the qualitative method of analysis for finding a close equivalent of conceptual domains.This type of analysis may be compared with semantic field analysis by scholars such as Kittay (1987, 1992), who proposes a distinction between lexical fields and content domains. As Kittay writes: A content domain is identifiable but not exhausted by a lexical field (1987: 225). In other words, lexical fields can provide an initial point of entry into content domains (or conceptual domains). Yet their analysis does not provide a full view of conceptual domains, and this is not what is claimed by Wierzbicka and her associates either. As is aptly pointed out by Kittay (1992), A content domain may be identified and not yet articulated [by a lexical field, GS], which is precisely what may happen by means of novel metaphor (Kittay 1992: 227). (Gerard Steen, Finding Metaphor in Grammar and Usage: A Methodological Analysis of Theory and Research. John Benjamins, 2007) See also: CollocationConceptual DomainHypernym  and  HyponymLexical SetLexicologyMeronymSemantic ChangeSemanticsSememeVocabulary

Lesson Plan - Differences Between Past and Present

Lesson Plan - Differences Between Past and Present Getting students to talk about the differences between the past and present is a great way to get students using a variety of tenses and cementing their understanding of the differences and time relationships between the past simple, present perfect (continuous), and present simple tenses. This exercise is quite easy for students to understand and helps to get students thinking in the right direction before beginning the task. Lesson Plan Aim: Conversation lesson focusing on the use of the past simple, present perfect, and present simple tensesActivity: Drawing diagrams as a support for conversation in pairsLevel: Intermediate to advanced Outline: Give students the example above or draw a similar example on the board.Read through the example sentences showing the relationship between the two circles (life then and life now).Ask students why you used the various tenses (i.e. past simple, present perfect (continuous), and present simple (continuous).Have students draw two circles. Each circle should have me at the center with a universe of friends, hobbies, relationships, etc. surrounding. One circle is drawn for the past and one drawn for life now.Students break up into pairs and explain their diagrams to each other.Walk around the room and listen to the discussions, take notes on the most common mistakes made.As a follow-up, go through the most common mistakes made by the students to focus on the problems they are still having with certain tenses (i.e. using the present perfect instead of past simple for definite past). Life Then - Life Now Look at the two circles describing life then and life now. Read the sentences below describing how the persons life has changed. For example: In 1994, I lived in New York.Since then, I have moved to Livorno where I have been living for the past five years.In 1994, I had been married to Barbara for four years. Since then, we have had our daughter Katherine. Katherine is three years old.Barbara and I have been married for ten years.I used to play squash twice a week when I lived in New York.Now I play tennis twice a week. I have been playing tennis for over a year.My best friends were Marek and Franco in New York. Now my best friend is Corrado.I loved going to the opera in New York. Now, I love going to museums around Tuscany.I worked at the New York Association for New Americans for two years in New York.Now I work at the British School. I have been working there for over four years. Draw two circles of your own. One describing life a few years ago and one describing life now. Once you have finished, find a partner and describe how your life has changed over the past few years.

Biography of James Jim Bowie, American Frontiersman

Biography of James 'Jim' Bowie, American Frontiersman James Jim Bowie (c. 1796–March 6, 1836) was an American frontiersman, slave trader, smuggler, Indian fighter, and soldier in the Texas Revolution. He was among the defenders at the Battle of the Alamo in 1836, where he perished along with all of his comrades. Bowie was known as a legendary fighter; the large Bowie knife is named after him. Fast Facts: James Bowie Known For: American frontiersman, military leader during the Texas Revolution, and defender of the AlamoAs Known As: Jim BowieBorn: 1796 in KentuckyParents: Reason and Elve Ap-Catesby Jones BowieDied: March 6, 1836 in San Antonio, Mexican TexasSpouse: Maria Ursula de Veramendi (m. 1831-1833)Children: Marie Elve, James Veramendi Early Life James Bowie was born in Kentucky in 1796 and was raised in present-day Missouri and Louisiana. He enlisted to fight in the War of 1812  but joined too late to see any action. Soon he was back in Louisiana selling timber, and with the proceeds he bought some slaves and expanded his operation. Bowie later became acquainted with Jean Lafitte, the legendary Gulf Coast pirate who was involved in illegal slave smuggling. Bowie and his brothers bought smuggled slaves, declared that they had found them, and kept the money when the slaves were sold at auction. Later, Bowie came up with a scheme for acquiring free land. He falsified French and Spanish documents that said he had purchased the land in Louisiana. The Sandbar Fight On September 19, 1827, Bowie was involved in the legendary â€Å"Sandbar Fight† in Louisiana. Two men- Samuel Levi Wells III and Dr. Thomas Harris Maddox- had agreed to fight a duel, and each man had brought along several supporters. Bowie was there on behalf of Wells. The duel ended after both men shot and missed twice, and they had decided to let the matter drop, but a brawl soon broke out among the other men. Bowie fought viciously in spite of being shot at least three times and stabbed with a sword-cane. The wounded Bowie killed one of his opponents with a massive knife, which later became famous as the â€Å"Bowie knife.† Move to Texas Like many frontiersmen of the time, Bowie eventually became intrigued by the idea of Texas. He went there and found plenty to keep him busy, including another land speculation scheme and the charms of Ursula Veramendi, the well-connected daughter of the mayor of San Antonio. By 1830 Bowie had moved to Texas, staying one step ahead of his creditors back in Louisiana. After fighting off a vicious Tawakoni Indian attack while searching for a silver mine, Bowie won even more fame as a tough frontiersman. He married Veramendi in 1831 and took up residence in San Antonio. She would soon die tragically of cholera, along with her parents. Action in Nacogdoches After disgruntled Texans attacked Nacogdoches in August of 1832 (they were protesting a Mexican order to give up their arms), Stephen F. Austin asked Bowie to intervene. Bowie arrived in time to capture some fleeing Mexican soldiers. This made Bowie a hero to those Texans who favored independence, although it is not necessarily what Bowie intended, as he had a Mexican wife and a lot of money in land in Mexican Texas. In 1835, war broke out between rebellious Texans and the Mexican army. Bowie went to Nacogdoches, where he and Sam Houston were elected leaders of the local militia. He acted quickly, arming the men with weapons seized from the local Mexican armory. Assault on San Antonio Bowie and other volunteers from Nacogdoches caught up with a rag-tag army led by Stephen F. Austin and James Fannin. The troops were marching on San Antonio, hoping to defeat Mexican General Martà ­n Perfecto de Cos and end the conflict quickly. In late October 1835, they laid siege to San Antonio, where Bowies contacts among the population proved extremely beneficial. Many residents of San Antonio joined the rebels, bringing valuable intelligence with them. Bowie and Fannin and some 90 men dug in on the grounds of Concepcià ³n Mission just outside the city, and General Cos, spotting them there, attacked. The Battle of Concepcià ³n and the Capture of San Antonio Bowie told his men to keep their heads and stay low. When the Mexican infantry advanced, the Texans devastated their ranks with fire from their long rifles. The Texan sharpshooters also picked off artillerymen who were shooting the Mexican cannons. Disheartened, the Mexicans fled back to San Antonio. Bowie was once again hailed a hero. He was not there when Texan rebels stormed the city in the early days of December 1835, but he returned shortly after. General Sam Houston ordered him to demolish the Alamo, a fortress-like old mission in San Antonio, and a retreat from the city. Bowie, once again, disobeyed orders. Instead, he mounted a defense and fortified the Alamo. Bowie, Travis, and Crockett In early February, William Travis arrived in San Antonio. He would take over nominal command of the forces there when the ranking officer left. Many of the men there were not enlisted- they were volunteers, which meant that they answered to no one. Bowie was the unofficial leader of these volunteers and he did not care for Travis, which made things tense at the fort. Soon, however, famous frontiersman Davy Crockett arrived. A skilled politician, Crockett was able to defuse the tension between Travis and Bowie. The Mexican Army, commanded by Mexican General Santa Anna, showed up in late February. The arrival of this common enemy also united the defenders of the Alamo. Battle of the Alamo and Death Bowie became very ill sometime in late February 1836. Historians disagree about what illness he suffered from. It may have been pneumonia or tuberculosis. In any case, it was a debilitating illness, and Bowie was confined, delirious, to his bed. According to legend, Travis drew a line in the sand and told the men to cross it if they would stay and fight. Bowie, too weak to walk, asked to be carried over the line. After two weeks of siege, the Mexicans attacked the morning of March 6. The Alamo was overrun in less than two hours, and all of the defenders were captured or killed, including Bowie, who reportedly died in his bed, still feverish. Legacy Bowie was an interesting man in his time, a renowned hothead, brawler, and troublemaker who went to Texas to escape his creditors in the United States. He became famous due to his fights and his legendary knife, and once fighting broke out in Texas, he soon became known as a solid leader of men who could keep a cool head under fire. His lasting fame, however, came about as a result of his presence at the fateful Battle of the Alamo. In life, he was a con man and slave trader. In death, he became a great hero, and today he is widely revered in Texas, even more so than his brothers-in-arms Travis and Crockett. The city of Bowie and Bowie County, both in Texas, are named after him, as are countless schools, businesses, and parks. Sources Brands, H.W. Lone Star Nation: The Epic Story of the Battle for Texas Independence. New York: Anchor Books, 2004.Henderson, Timothy J. A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and its War with the United States. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007.